It can help provide a platform to raise policy related issues. Further studies to see its effectiveness needs to be done. The use of media as an advocacy tool must be conceived and developed only in the context of other approaches such as community organizing, coalition building, and policy advocacy.
Community mobilization is aimed at inducing a change of normal social norms from the utility of various intricate interventions to help raise awareness of community participants. It is brought about by teamwork, educational entertainment and the participation of other members, and groups and associations to help inspire revolutionize a change. Community mobilization is based on 3 key concepts: Social capital, empowerment, and social change. A systematic review by Secker-Walker et al.
A favorable outcome was suggested as a significant change in smoking behavior, being either lower prevalence, reduced cigarette consumption per capita or an increase in smoking cessation rate. Where the community was the unit of assignment and analysis, 5 of the 8 studies This systematic review concluded that community health promotion methods were more effective than other methods of smoking prevention.
Community mobilization methods are essential in the field of health promotion. Empowering communities to bring about change in their own social domains is not only more sustainable but however, is also extremely effective.
Social marketing draws on and incorporates the use of behavioral theory. Despite many challenges, the evidence for the effectiveness of social marketing interventions does exist and is growing. The project 16 incorporates social marketing method for reducing both illegal sales of tobacco and youth tobacco use showed a significant effect on lowering the smoking prevalence. Thirteen studies demonstrated the significant positive effects. There was a significant impact of project and there was a fold increase in the smoking quitting or setting a date for quitting smoking among pregnant women as compared to neighboring primary-care trusts which did not apply similar social marketing approach.
Results also suggest that SMS text messaging may be a promising way to improve smoking cessation outcomes. The social marketing interventions should always be adapted according to local needs and contexts. There is a need for integrating specific vertical and horizontal interventions with social marketing to make it more sustainable and effective.
Motivational interviewing MI defined as a client-centered, directive approach to stimulate the positive behavior change and resolve ambivalence. It primarily derived from social psychology, cognitive dissonance, self-efficacy, and empathic processes.
MI has been used successfully for smoking cessation. Glasgow et al. There were a higher 7-day abstinence rates in the MI intervention group at 6 weeks The MI intervention group showed a significant reduction in a number of cigarettes smoked at both 6 weeks and 6 months. Valanis et al. Subgroup analyzes demonstrated that the MI intervention was more effective when administered by primary-care physicians and by counselors, and when it was conducted in longer sessions more than 20 min per session.
MI appears to have broad application to behavioral medicine. Although the initial outcome studies have produced mixed results, MI appears to have potential efficacy.
Further research studies required to address the numerous questions regarding how MI works in different conditions and individuals and which health professionals are best able to deliver MI with fidelity. Mass media campaigns are widely used to expose the population to messages through television, radio, and newspapers.
Such campaigns can produce positive or negative changes in health-related behavior in populations and is a useful method for raising an issue and encouraging debate. It has been suggested that the mass media is particularly appropriate for delivering antismoking messages to young people because they are more exposed to the media. In the interventional review of studies for assessing smoking behavior by Brinn et al. One study found a statistically significant decrease in smoking uptake by girls with net increase of 8.
In an another study, impact compared between school based programs with mass media and school based intervention alone, showed a significant effect of combined intervention as compared to school alone. The results reported in all seven studies tended to be based on outcome data relating to a sub-sample of participants rather than on the basis of allocation to groups. Evaluation of effectiveness on the basis of data provided by those participants available at follow-up is likely to be biased.
Bala et al. The intensity and duration of campaigns may influence effectiveness. Mass media campaigns should be included as a key component of approaches to improve population health behavior.
Careful planning and testing with target audiences is crucial. Emphasis should be placed on the involvement of small groups of representative samples at whom the campaign is directed. Such groups can also be involved in message development. The workplace has potential as a setting through which the large groups of people can be reached to encourage the smoking cessation. Cahill et al. They found 37 studies of workplace interventions aimed at individual workers, covering group therapy, individual counseling, self-help materials, nicotine replacement therapy, and social support.
Group programs, individual counseling, and nicotine replacement therapy increased cessation rates in comparison to no treatment or minimal intervention controls. Self-help materials were less effective. They also found 16 studies testing interventions applied to the workplace as a whole and found the settings based approach is more effective than other interventions.
Incentive schemes increased the attempts to stop smoking though there was less evidence that they increased the rate of actual quitting. They failed to detect an effect of comprehensive programs in reducing the prevalence of smoking.
The better understanding of health promoting setting among various actors, politicians, and well as workers is essential for the efficient implementation of setting based health promotion methods. There is a need to understand the implementation process and the importance of carrying out systematic evaluations for sustainable, healthy settings. Health promotional interventions for prevention and cessation of smoking are thought to involve a three-tiered approach. Reaching the mass public by social marketing and mass media interventions, reaching the individual by MI, peer education, whilst approaching the community via community mobilization and changing the environment by media advocacy and setting based intervention seems to be an extremely effective method of inducing smoking prevention and cessation.
These methods incorporate the principles of inducing change at an individual level, a change in social norms in the community and socio-political efforts to promote the health of the population. It would be more effective to implement the interventions focusing on social attitudinal and environmental changes before trying to focus on individual behavioral change, which is difficult to bring about.
Foundation for multiple interventions can only be developed with innovative approaches to work with the population at different levels. In the past years, we have learned how to engage the population and various stakeholders for developing effective and sustainable partnership for health promotion. Population capacity to address change and readiness are the key factors influences effective health promotion efforts for smoking prevention and cessation.
Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Int J Prev Med. Published online Jan Mahaveer Golechha 1, 2, 3. Background: Smoking prevalence rates among Dutch children increase rapidly after they transit to secondary school, in particular among children with a low socioeconomic status SES.
Web-based, computer-tailored programs supplemented with prompt messages may be able to empower children to prevent them from starting to smoke when they transit to secondary school. Objective: The main aim of this study is to evaluate whether computer-tailored feedback messages, with and without prompt messages, are effective in decreasing children's smoking intentions and smoking behavior after 12 and 25 months of follow-up.
Methods: Data were gathered at baseline T0 , and after 12 months T1 and 25 months T2 of follow-up of a smoking prevention intervention program called Fun without Smokes. A total of schools were randomly allocated to a no-intervention control group, an intervention prompt group, or an intervention no-prompt group. A total of children aged 10 to 12 years old participated in the study and completed a Web-based questionnaire assessing their smoking intention, smoking behavior, and sociocognitive factors, such as attitude, social influence, and self-efficacy, related to smoking.
The program was developed for students to work in collaboration with peers to apply learned tactics to not smoke. The MHHP was designed to improve eating, exercise, and smoking patterns across the entire population of the communities. The MSPP was one component of this effort. The inaugural year of MSPP began in with sixth graders. MSPP is comprised of six sessions that last 45—50 minutes in length.
Each session was designed to incorporate various educational strategies for preventing tobacco use. The six sessions include:. Additionally, transparencies and handouts are provided to lead each session. Peer leaders participate in a minute training session conducted by the teacher to prepare them for instruction of student groups. The peer leadership guide was written specifically for students, and designed to make their time in MSPP worthwhile. Study 1 Smoking Intensity and Prevalence The main outcomes evaluated in the study were smoking intensity and prevalence among students.
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